선택된 윤리: 메타선진국은 어떻게 작동하는가 by 이한소

ISBN: 9791160547160 | 135*210 mm | 288 pages | Korean-language

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The Selected Ethic: How the Meta-Advanced Country Works

by Hanso LEE

Table of Contents

Preface ... 4

"When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth."

— The Sign of the Four, Arthur Conan Doyle

"6.521

The solution of the problem of life is seen in the vanishing of the problem."

— Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, Ludwig Wittgenstein

Part I: Objective Ethics and Subjective Preferences

Chapter 1: Objective Ethics

1.1 The Dragon in My Garage ... 13

"I decide who is a Jew."

— Karl Lueger

1.2 The Devil's Proof ... 19

"The mere fact that an idea is irrefutable does not imply that there is any reason to believe it is true."

— Fashionable Nonsense, Alan Sokal and Jean Bricmont

1.3 The Meta-Advanced Country and the Selected Ethic ... 23

"Happy families are all alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way."

— Anna Karenina,  Leo Tolstoy

Chapter 2: Subjective Preferences

2.1 The Individual as a Selector ... 27

"The lack of objective values is not a good reason for abandoning subjective concern or for ceasing to want anything."

— Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong, J. L. Mackie

2.2 Criteria for Selection ... 31

"The chief spring or actuating principle of the human mind is pleasure or pain; and when these sensations are remov'd, both from our thought and feeling, we are, in a great measure, incapable of passion or action, of desire or volition."

— A Treatise of Human Nature, David Hume

2.3 Fixed Preferences ... 35

"Whatever the cause may be of each slight difference in the offspring from their parents—and a cause for each must exist—it is the steady accumulation, through natural selection, of such differences, when beneficial to the individual, that gives rise to all the more important modifications of structure."

— On the Origin of Species, Charles Darwin

"The original self-replicating macromolecules had reasons for what they did, but had no inkling of them."

— Kinds Of Minds: Toward An Understanding Of Consciousness, Daniel C. Dennett

2.4 Modifiable Preferences ... 42

"Evolution has done the computation for us, and in its stead produced emotions that are proxies for these computations."

— The Mind of the Market, Michael Shermer

"What does not kill me makes me stronger."

— Twilight of the Idols, Friedrich Nietzsche

2.5 Useful Models ... 50

"Claims that cannot be tested, assertions immune to disproof are veridically worthless."

— The Demon-Haunted World, Carl Sagan

"The critical attitude may be described as the conscious attempt to make our theories, our conjectures, suffer in our stead in the struggle for the survival of the fittest."

— Conjectures and Refutations, Karl Popper

2.6 The Reasons for Using Preferences ... 60

"So we now use the country itself, as its own map, and I assure you it does nearly as well."

— Sylvie and Bruno Concluded, Lewis Carroll

"The comparative conservatism which results from the high degree of permanence of the genes is essential."

— What Is Life?, Erwin Schrödinger

Part II: The Selected Ethic

Chapter 3: Individual Freedom

3.1 Freedom to Fulfill Preferences ... 73

"By liberty is understood, according to the proper signification of the word, the absence of external impediments; which impediments may oft take away part of a man's power to do what he would, but cannot hinder him from using the power left him according as his judgement and reason shall dictate to him."

— Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes

"Don't put all your eggs in one basket."

— Proverb

3.2 Freedom of Expression ... 78

"To refuse a hearing to an opinion, because they are sure that it is false, is to assume that their certainty is the same thing as absolute certainty."

— On Liberty, John Stuart Mill

"I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it."

— The Friends of Voltaire, Evelyn Beatrice Hall

Chapter 4: The Core of Social Contract

4.1 Reward and Punishment Strategies ... 82

"Behaviour is shaped and maintained by its consequences."

— Beyond Freedom and Dignity, B. F. Skinner

"Many situations in real life are, as a matter of fact, equivalent to nonzero sum games. Nature often plays the role of 'banker', and individuals can therefore benefit from one another's success."

— The Selfish Gene, Richard Dawkins

4.2 The Role of the State ... 88

"A state is a human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory."

— Politics as a Vocation, Max Weber

Chapter 5: Punishment Through Criminal Trials

5.1 The Principle of Legality and the Presumption of Innocence ... 97

"Article 11
1. Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence.

2. No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the penal offence was committed."

— Universal Declaration of Human Rights, United Nations

5.2 Proportionality ... 102

"Crimes are more effectually prevented by the certainty, than the severity of punishment."

— On Crimes and Punishments, Cesare Beccaria

Chapter 6: Citizens Equal Before the Law

6.1 Equality Before the Law ... 106

"All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others."

— Animal Farm, George Orwell

6.2 Qualifications for Citizens ... 110

"If you want peace, prepare for war."

— De re militari, Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus

6.3 Marginal Citizens ... 114

"Our children are our greatest treasure. They are our future."

— Nelson Mandela

Chapter 7: The Form of the Government

7.1 Democracy ... 120

"The basis of a democratic state is liberty; which, according to the common opinion of men, can only be enjoyed in such a state."

— Politics, Aristotle

"All long-term politics are institutional."

— The Open Society and Its Enemies, Karl Popper

7.2 Limitations of Democracy ... 127

"Particular intelligent beings may have laws of their own making, but they have some likewise which they never made. Before there were intelligent beings, they were possible; they had therefore possible relations, and consequently possible laws."

— The Spirit of Law, Montesquieu

"The clashing of particular interests made it necessary to establish a society, and the agreement of those same interests made it possible to do so."

— The Social Contract, Jean-Jacques Rousseau

7.3 The Rule of Law and Constitutionalism ... 139

"Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely."

— John Dalberg-Acton

Chapter 8: Reward Through Capitalism

8.1 Free Trade ... 148

"It is the maxim of every prudent master of a family, never to attempt to make at home what it will cost him more to make than to buy."

— The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith

8.2 Money and Markets ... 161

"It would be too ridiculous to go about seriously to prove that wealth does not consist in money, or in gold and silver; but in what money purchases, and is valuable only for purchasing."

— The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith

"All production is for the purpose of ultimately satisfying a consumer."

— The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, John Maynard Keynes

8.3 Innovation and Technological Development ... 171

"The capitalist achievement does not typically consist in providing more silk stockings for queens but in bringing them within the reach of factory girls in return for steadily decreasing amounts of effort."

— Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, Joseph Schumpeter

"The Stone Age didn't end because we ran out of stones."

— Ahmed Zaki Yamani, former Oil Minister of Saudi Arabia

8.4 Enforcement of Contracts ... 180

"Article 1134

Agreements must be executed in good faith."

— The Napoleonic Code 

"Money is coined liberty."

— The House of the Dead, Fyodor Dostoevsky

8.5 Property Rights ... 186

"A free economy gives people what they want instead of what a particular group thinks they ought to want."

— Capitalism and Freedom, Milton Friedman

"The formal property system is capital's hydroelectric plant. This is the place where capital is born."

— The Mystery of Capital, Hernando de Soto

Chapter 9: Externalities, Welfare, Taxes, and International Relations

9.1 Externalities ... 205

"The purpose of a ferroalloy plant is not to make noise or to release noxious fumes. It is to make high-performance metals that serve the customer. But in order to do this, it produces noise, creates heat, and releases fumes."

— Management: Tasks, Responsibilities, Practices, Peter Drucker

"Science knows no country, because knowledge belongs to humanity, and is the torch which illuminates the world."

— Louis Pasteur

9.2 Welfare Systems ... 229

"To call private property as such, which all can acquire under the same rules, a privilege, because only some succeed in acquiring it, is depriving the word privilege of its meaning."

— The Road to Serfdom, Friedrich Hayek

"The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains."

— The Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx

9.3 Taxes ... 244

"No taxation without representation."

— Slogan

9.4 International Relations of the Meta-Advanced Country ... 254

"When a country reached the level of economic development where it had a middle class big enough to support a McDonald's network, it became a McDonald's country. And people in McDonald's countries didn't like to fight wars anymore, they preferred to wait in line for burgers."

— The Lexus and the Olive Tree, Thomas L. Friedman

Appendices

The Citizen's Guide to the Advanced Countries ... 260

Acknowledgments ... 270

WCC ... 272

• 🌐WCC (World Citizen Currency) White Paper